By incorporating on-chip multiplication gain, the electron multiplying CCD achieves, in an all solid-state sensor, the single-photon detection sensitivity typical of intensified or electron-bombarded CCDs at much lower cost and without compromising the quantum efficiency and resolution characteristics of the conventional CCD structure.
Cameleon biosensor expression in HeLa cells - The digital videos in this section explore a cameleon biosensor composed of cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins sandwiching a calmodulin domain and the m13 domain is being expressed transiently in human cervical carcinoma epithelial cells (HeLa line). In the presence of increasing levels of intracellular calcium, the M13 domain binds the calmodulin peptide to produce an increase in FRET between the fluorescent proteins, visualized in the videos as a change in color from cyan to red.
Video 1 - Run Time: 6 Seconds - A calcium wave traverses from right to left across two HeLa cells. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (1 MB), Progressive Download (1 MB), and MPEG Download (12 MB)
Video 2 - Run Time: 8 Seconds - Induction of calcium with ionomycin occurs centrally in a pair of adjacent cells. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (1.6 MB), Progressive Download (1.6 MB), and MPEG Download (16 MB)
Video 3 - Run Time: 8 Seconds - Two HeLa cells exhibit calcium waves at slightly different times. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (1.6 MB), Progressive Download (1.6 MB), and MPEG Download (16 MB)
Video 4 - Run Time: 6 Seconds - A single cell expressing the cameleon biosensor undergoes a color change indicative of FRET. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (1.1 MB), Progressive Download (1.1 MB), and MPEG Download (12 MB)