By incorporating on-chip multiplication gain, the electron multiplying CCD achieves, in an all solid-state sensor, the single-photon detection sensitivity typical of intensified or electron-bombarded CCDs at much lower cost and without compromising the quantum efficiency and resolution characteristics of the conventional CCD structure.
In live cells, zyxin, a zinc-binding phosphoprotein that in humans is encoded by the ZYX gene, concentrates along the intracellular actin cytoskeletal network and at focal adhesions, which are located at points of contact between cells and the extracellular matrix. The structures are the collecting sites of protein complexes necessary for signal transduction and are rich in actin. To produce the digital video sequences presented in this section, rabbit kidney cells were labeled with mEmerald fused to Zyxin and mCherry fused to Lifeact.