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EMCCDs Article Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Devices (EMCCDs)

By incorporating on-chip multiplication gain, the electron multiplying CCD achieves, in an all solid-state sensor, the single-photon detection sensitivity typical of intensified or electron-bombarded CCDs at much lower cost and without compromising the quantum efficiency and resolution characteristics of the conventional CCD structure.

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Mitochondria in Pig Kidney Epithelial Cells

Although TurboRFP is a dimeric orange fluorescent protein, it can still be effectively localized to the mitochondria when fused to the appropriate targeting signal. Apparently, the dimeric physical character of this extremely bright and photostable fluorescent protein doesn't affect non-specific targeting. However TurboRFP is not properly localized in fusions to proteins that form biopolymers, such as tubulin, connexins, histones, and actin. The digital videos presented in this section explore normal pig kidney epithelial cells (LLC-PK1 line) that were transiently transfected with a chimera of TurboRFP (an orange fluorescent dimer) and a mitochondrial targeting signal to visualize the dynamics of these organelles.

Video 1 - Run Time: 8 Seconds - A large amount of motion and activity is evident in the mitochondria of an LLC-PK1 cell. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (1.5 MB), Progressive Download (1.5 MB), and MPEG Download (15 MB)

Video 2 - Run Time: 20 Seconds - This video features a good view of individual mitochondria in motion throughout the cell. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (3.7 MB), Progressive Download (3.7 MB), and MPEG Download (36.3 MB)

Video 3 - Run Time: 20 Seconds - Mitochondria are visibly covering a wide area of the entire cell. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (3.7 MB), Progressive Download (3.7 MB), and MPEG Download (36.3 MB)

Video 4 - Run Time: 20 Seconds - Dense mitochondrial activity is visible next to the cell's nucleus. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (3.7 MB), Progressive Download (3.7 MB), and MPEG Download (36.3 MB)

Video 5 - Run Time: 33 Seconds - Mitochondria are visible completely surrounding the entire nucleus of an LLC-PK1 cell. Choose a playback version: Streaming Video (6.2 MB), Progressive Download (6.2 MB), and MPEG Download (59 MB)

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